Abstract
The escalating global demand for lead, primarily driven by applications such as lead-acid batteries, necessitates a critical examination of lead production methods. This overview explores the traditional pyrometallurgical and emerging hydrometallurgical and electrolytic refining approaches, emphasizing their environmental
impact, operational efficiency, and sustainability. Kazakhstan, with substantial lead reserves, serves as a focal point, illustrating its prominent position in the international lead production landscape. The conventional sintering and blast furnace smelting method offer established technology but pose environmental threats, including air and water pollution. The innovative ISA smelting method showcases advantages in productivity and energy efficiency but requires careful consideration of specialized skills and financial implications. Hydrometallurgical processes, including electrolytic refining, present cleaner alternatives, with benefits such as resource extraction from diverse feed stocks and reduced environmental impact. However, challenges like complex concentrate preparation and slower processing times are acknowledged. A detailed literature review delves into various electrolytes for lead production, assessing their efficiency, challenges, and environmental implications. The discussion underscores the significance of automation, resource recovery, and heightened
safety in electrolytic refining. The research concludes by acknowledging the potential of hydrometallurgy and electrolysis in greening lead production, provided ongoing research addresses challenges, ensuring a sustainable and efficient future for this essential metal.